 1.
Artifact of autolysis: herniation of liquefied CNS tissue into
retroperitoneum and scrotum. |
 2.
Cord stricture: evidence of physiological obstruction (hemorrhage,
congestion, thrombosis) is required to ascribe fetal demise to cord
stricture/torsion. |
 3.
16 week intrauterine fetal demise due to Toxoplasmosis. Organism is
preserved despite autolysis of fetus. |
 4.
Parvoviral inclusions in autolyzed liver from fetal demise. |
 5.
Hydropic fetus with large cystic hygroma (Monosomy X). |
 6.
Structural cardiac anomalies are one cause of fetal hydrops: hypoplastic
left heart and aortic arch from a hydropic fetus. |
 7.
Congenital leukemia: neoplastic distension of fetal vessels in the
placenta. |
 8.
Flow chart indicating assays that require special handling of tissue at
the time of autopsy and their indications. |
 9.
Skeletal muscle from a fetus with akinesia should be handled like a
surgical muscle biopsy. In this fetus with lethal pterygia due to primary
myopathy the diagnosis was established by severe paucity of muscle fibers
identified by muscle-specific myosin immunohistochemistry. |
 10.
Macerated fetus with velocardial/DiGeorge syndrome, confirmed by
fluorescence in situ hybridization. |
 11.
Historical perspectives - cultural remnants to a number of historical
stages in the understanding of congenital anomalies must be appreciated by
workers seeking to provide high quality counseling. |
 12.
Evaluating anomalies - in addition to making a diagnosis, the pathologist
dealing with congenital anomalies seeks to elucidate the mechanism(s)
responsible for the anomaly(ies) in question. |
 13.
Evaluating anomalies - the pathologist also seeks to identify the cause(s)
of the anomaly or anomalies. |
 14.
Deformation - definition and example; most deformations have intrauterine
causes, but clinical colleagues must be warned to avoid this confusing
postmortem deformation. |
 15.
Disruption - definition and example; amniotic band is clearly visible and
would presumably produce enough ischemia to result in autoamputation of
the foot. |
 16.
Malformation - definition and example; anencephaly is a lethal anomaly
that is readily identified by prenatal ultrasound. |
 17.
Syndrome - definition and example (trisomy 21). |
 18.
Sequence - definition and example; transilluminated fetus with prune belly
sequence secondary to urethral atresia. |
 19.
Approach to posterior urethral valves - method of dissection and example
of valves. |
 20.
The autopsy - summary slide of philosophy, major features. |
